莫蒂默·阿德勒《如何阅读一本书》

SOURCE: https://fs.blog/how-to-read-a-book/

Notes

将阅读分为 “娱乐性阅读”、“信息性阅读”、“理解性阅读 ”和 “掌握性阅读”。当你在小学学习阅读时，老师教你的是娱乐性阅读。如果你读到了高中和大学，你就学会了信息阅读。这就是大多数人停止阅读的原因。但大部分价值都来自后两个层面“。

Origin

A brief, no fluff, summary of Mortimer Adlers’ How to Read a Book.

对莫蒂默·阿德勒斯（Mortimer Adlers）的《如何阅读一本书》的简短总结。

Let’s explore the four reading levels and how they can help you learn more.

让我们探讨四个阅读级别以及它们如何帮助您了解更多信息。

The Four Levels of Reading

阅读的四个层次

In How to Read a Book, Mortimer Adler identifies four levels of reading:

在《如何阅读一本书》一书中，莫蒂默阿德勒确定了阅读的四个层次：

1. Elementary Reading 初级阅读
2. Inspectional Reading 检视阅读
3. Analytical Reading 分析阅读
4. Syntopical Reading 主题阅读

**Think of these levels as reading to entertain, reading to inform, reading to understand, and reading to master.

将这些级别视为为了娱乐而阅读、为了获取信息而阅读、为了理解而阅读以及为了掌握而阅读。**

When you learned to read in elementary school, you were taught to read for entertainment. If you made it to high school and college, you learned to read to inform. This is where most people stop. But most of the value comes at the last two levels.

当你在小学学习阅读时，你被教导阅读是为了娱乐。如果你上了高中和大学，你就学会了阅读来获取信息。这是大多数人停下来的地方。但大部分价值来自最后两个级别。

In fact, if you don’t learn the last two levels, you’ll go through life like a one-legged man in an ass-kicking contest.

事实上，如果你不学习最后两个级别，你就会像一个在踢屁股比赛中的独腿人一样度过一生。

This doesn’t mean that everything should be read the same way. It shouldn’t. Why you are reading should match how you are reading. Your level of effort needs to match the importance of the material. If you read a romance novel and legal document the same way, you’re in for a life of misery.

这并不意味着一切都应该以同样的方式阅读。不应该。你阅读的原因应该与你阅读的方式相匹配。您的努力程度需要与材料的重要性相匹配。如果你以同样的方式阅读言情小说和法律文件，那么你的生活就会很痛苦。

1\. Reading to Entertain (Elementary)

1\. 阅读娱乐（初级）

This is the level of reading taught in our elementary schools. If you’re reading this website, you already know how.

这是我们小学教授的阅读水平。如果您正在阅读此网站，您已经知道如何操作。

2\. Reading to Inform (Inspectional)

2\. 阅读以获取信息（检视）

Some people think skimming and reading quickly is a bad idea. It’s not.

有些人认为快速浏览和阅读是个坏主意。它不是。

The point of a quick skim is to determine if the book is worth reading deeply in the first place. Most are not.

快速浏览的目的是首先确定这本书是否值得深入阅读。大多数都不是。

There are two kinds of inspectional reading:

检视阅读有两种：

• Systematic skimming: Quickly skim the book. Read the introduction, table of contents, index, and inside cover. This shows you the key chapters and ideas. Jump in and out, reading a paragraph here and there.

  系统浏览：快速浏览本书。阅读简介、目录、索引和内封面。这向您展示了关键章节和想法。跳进跳出，到处读一个段落。

• Superficial reading: This is a quick read. Don’t stop to think deeply. Don’t write things in the margin. Don’t look things up; keep going if you don’t understand something. Read most of the book, but read it quickly.

  粗读：这是快速阅读。不要停下来深入思考。不要在页边空白处写东西。不要查东西；如果你不明白什么，请继续。阅读本书的大部分内容，但要快速阅读。

At this point, you have the main idea. Often, that’s enough. Think about all the pop-psychology books. Simply skimming the introduction gives you 90% of the value.

至此，您已经掌握了主要想法。通常，这就足够了。想想所有流行心理学书籍。只需浏览一下介绍即可获得 90% 的价值。

Inspectional reading gives you the structure and an overview of the author’s arguments and opinions. Because you didn’t read deeply, you won’t understand all the nuances, but you’ll get the gist.

检视阅读可以让您了解作者的论点和观点的结构和概述。因为你没有深入阅读，你不会理解所有的细微差别，但你会明白要点。

Most times, you can stop right here. Put the book down and go on to the next one.

大多数时候，您可以停在这里。把书放下，继续读下一本书。

But sometimes, you’ll want to know more about the book.

但有时，您会想更多地了解这本书。

Read more about Inspectional Reading 了解更多关于检视阅读的内容

3\. Reading to Understand (Analytical)

3\. 阅读理解（分析）

Francis Bacon once remarked, “some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.”

弗兰西斯·培根曾经说过：“有些书是要品尝的，有些书是要吞咽的，还有一些书是要咀嚼和消化的。”

You can think of analytical reading as doing that chewing and digesting. This is the real work of reading.

你可以将分析性阅读视为咀嚼和消化。这才是真正的读书工作。

If inspectional reading is the best you can do quickly, analytical reading is the best you can do with time.

如果说检视阅读是你能快速完成的最好的阅读，那么分析阅读就是你能花时间完成的最好的阅读。

At this point, you start to engage your mind and do the work required to understand what’s being said. I recommend writing in your book and using our Blank Sheet notetaking method.

此时，你开始集中注意力并做必要的工作来理解所说的内容。我建议您在书中写作并使用我们的空白纸笔记方法。

There are four rules to Analytical Reading

分析阅读有四个规则

1. Classify the book according to its kind and subject matter

   根据书的种类和主题对书进行分类

2. State what the whole book is about with the utmost brevity

   最简洁地说明整本书的内容

3. Enumerate its major parts in their order and relation, and outline these parts

   按顺序和关系列举其主要部分，并概述这些部分

4. Define the problem or problems the author is trying to solve

   定义作者试图解决的一个或多个问题

You’ll probably notice that while those sound pretty easy, they involve a lot of work. Luckily, the inspectional reading you did earlier has primed you for this and made it easier.

您可能会注意到，虽然这些听起来很简单，但它们涉及大量工作。幸运的是，您之前所做的检视阅读已经为您做好了准备，并使之变得更容易。

If you are reading to understand, you need to integrate the ideas into your head. You simply must do the work of digesting the material and making it your own. Done correctly, this helps you understand the book. That does not mean, however, that you understand the broader subject.

如果你是为了理解而阅读，你需要将这些想法融入你的头脑中。你只需要消化这些材料并将其变成你自己的。如果做得正确，这可以帮助您理解这本书。然而，这并不意味着您了解更广泛的主题。

You can’t simply read one book or article and claim to be an expert.

你不能简单地读一本书或一篇文章并声称自己是专家。

If you really want to master the subject, you need to dive into the subject entirely reading multiple books and comparing and contrasting them. That’s where syntopical reading comes in.

如果你真的想掌握这个主题，你需要深入研究这个主题，阅读多本书并对它们进行比较和对比。这就是主题阅读的用武之地。

Read more About Analytical Reading 阅读更多关于分析阅读的内容

4\. Reading to Master (Syntopical)

4\. 阅读掌握（主题）

Syntopical reading is the most demanding and challenging reading of all.

主题阅读是所有阅读中要求最高、最具挑战性的。

Reading to master something involves reading many books on the same subject and comparing and contrasting ideas, vocabulary, and arguments. To do this, you must identify relevant passages, translate terminology, define the issues, explore issues through multiple lenses, and frame questions that need answering.

阅读掌握某件事需要阅读许多关于同一主题的书籍，并比较和对比思想、词汇和论点。为此，您必须识别相关段落，翻译术语，定义问题，通过多个视角探索问题，并提出需要回答的问题。

The goal is not to achieve an overall understanding of any particular book but rather to understand the broader subject and develop deep fluency. Doing this means identifying and filling in your blind spots about the subject,

目标不是全面理解任何特定的书，而是理解更广泛的主题并培养深度流利性。这样做意味着识别并填补你对该主题的盲点，

When reading to master something, there are four keys to keep in mind

阅读掌握某件事时，要牢记四个关键

1. Identify the relevant passages: Find the right books and the key passages. You can’t simply outsource this to others. If you want to address your blind spots, you must do the work yourself.

   识别相关段落：找到合适的书籍和关键段落。您不能简单地将其外包给其他人。如果你想解决你的盲点，你必须自己做这些工作。

2. Translate and synthesize:  Instead of using the author’s language, establish your own terms. This exercise in translation bridges different authors’ concepts and arguments.

   翻译和综合：不要使用作者的语言，而是建立自己的术语。这种翻译练习弥合了不同作者的概念和论点。

3. Formulate Your Questions: Focus on what you want to know, not just the author’s problems. Frame questions that multiple authors can answer. Be prepared: some questions might remain unanswered if authors didn’t consider them.

   提出你的问题：关注你想知道的内容，而不仅仅是作者的问题。提出多个作者可以回答的问题。做好准备：如果作者不考虑，有些问题可能仍然没有答案。

4. Define the Issues and Analyze the Discussion: When a question has multiple answers, you’ve defined an issue that needs further work. Understanding various perspectives helps form an intelligent opinion. Don’t expect unchallenged truths; your answer lies in the conflict of opposing views. The value lies in your informed dialogue with these authors and yourself.

   定义问题并分析讨论：当一个问题有多个答案时，您就定义了一个需要进一步研究的问题。了解不同的观点有助于形成明智的意见。不要期待无可争议的真理；你的答案在于对立观点的冲突。价值在于您与这些作者和您自己的知情对话。

The Demanding Reader 要求严格的读者

The demanding reader asks the right questions and seeks answers.

挑剔的读者提出正确的问题并寻求答案。

There are four main questions you need to ask of every book:

对于每本书，你都需要问四个主要问题：

• What is this book about?

  这本书是关于什么的？

• What is being said in detail, and how?

  详细讲了什么，如何讲？

• Is this book true in whole or in part?

  这本书的全部内容还是部分内容是真实的？

• What of it? 那又怎样呢？

Read More about How to Become a Demanding Reader 阅读更多有关如何成为高要求读者的信息

If all of this sounds like hard work, you’re right. Most people won’t do it. That’s what sets you apart.

如果所有这些听起来都像是艰苦的工作，那么你是对的。大多数人不会这样做。这就是你与众不同的地方。

Still curious? If you liked this summary, check out my quick summary of Dale Carnegie’s How To Win Friends and Influence People.

还好奇吗？如果您喜欢这个摘要，请查看我对戴尔·卡内基的《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》的快速摘要。